英语故事介绍某种球类的起源

英语故事介绍某种球类的起源
英语故事介绍某种球类的起源

英语故事介绍某种球类的起源
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football
Documented evidence of an activity resembling football can be found in the Chinese military manual Zhan Guo Ce compiled between the 3rd century and 1st century BC. It describes a practice...

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football
Documented evidence of an activity resembling football can be found in the Chinese military manual Zhan Guo Ce compiled between the 3rd century and 1st century BC. It describes a practice known as cuju (蹴鞠, literally "kick ball"), which originally involved kicking a leather ball through a small hole in a piece of silk cloth which was fixed on bamboo canes and hung about 9 m above ground. During the Han Dynasty (206 BC–220 AD), cuju games were standardized and rules were established. Variations of this game later spread to Japan and Korea, known as kemari and chuk-guk respectively.
By the Chinese Tang Dynasty (618–907), the feather-stuffed ball was replaced by an air-filled ball and cuju games had become professionalized, with many players making a living playing cuju. Also, two different types of goal posts emerged: One was made by setting up posts with a net between them and the other consisted of just one goal post in the middle of the field.

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The Origins Of Basketball
Do you know the origin of basketball?
The origins of the game of basketball can be traced back to a gentleman by the name of Dr. James Naismith. In 1861, Naismith w...

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The Origins Of Basketball
Do you know the origin of basketball?
The origins of the game of basketball can be traced back to a gentleman by the name of Dr. James Naismith. In 1861, Naismith was born in Almonte, Ontario, Canada. During his early school days, Naismith would play a game called duck on a rock whereby the child would endeavor to knock the duck off the top of the rock with a toss of another rock.
Later on, Naismith would go on to McGill University in Montreal and would later become McGill University's Athletic Director. He would subsequently move on to YMCA Training School in Springfield, Massachusetts and in 1891, the game of basketball began.
Given the cold Massachusetts winters, Naismith needed to find a recreational activity that could be played indoors and he preferred a sport that would develop skill and one that was not exclusively relying on strength. The first game was played with two peach baskets for goals and a soccer ball.
Further to his credit, Naismith became a medical doctor specializing in sports physiology and a Presbyterian minister. Naismith was able to see his beloved sport of basketball, gain acceptance in numerous countries through the YMCA since 1893. As well, the sport of basketball was brought forth at the Berlin Olympics in 1936. As we speak, the game of basketball has become a very popular professional sport.

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足球的历史
Games revolving around the kicking of a ball have been played in many countries throughout history. According to FIFA, the "very earliest form of the game for which there is scientific evid...

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足球的历史
Games revolving around the kicking of a ball have been played in many countries throughout history. According to FIFA, the "very earliest form of the game for which there is scientific evidence was an exercise of precisely this skilful technique dating back to the 2nd and 3rd centuries BC in China (the game of cuju)."[11] Various forms of football were played in medieval Europe, though rules varied greatly by both period and location.
The modern rules of football are based on the mid-19th century efforts to standardise the widely varying forms of football played at the public schools of England.
The Cambridge Rules, first drawn up at Cambridge University in 1848, were particularly influential in the development of subsequent codes, including association football. The Cambridge Rules were written at Trinity College, Cambridge, at a meeting attended by representatives from Eton, Harrow, Rugby, Winchester and Shrewsbury schools. They were not universally adopted. During the 1850s, many clubs unconnected to schools or universities were formed throughout the English-speaking world, to play various forms of football. Some came up with their own distinct codes of rules, most notably the Sheffield Football Club, formed by former public school pupils in 1857,[12] which led to formation of a Sheffield FA in 1867. In 1862, John Charles Thring of Uppingham School also devised an influential set of rules.[13]
These ongoing efforts contributed to the formation of The Football Association (The FA) in 1863, which first met on the morning of 26 October 1863 at the Freemasons' Tavern in Great Queen Street, London.[14] The only school to be represented on this occasion was Charterhouse. The Freemason's Tavern was the setting for five more meetings between October and December, which eventually produced the first comprehensive set of rules. At the final meeting, the first FA treasurer, the representative from Blackheath, withdrew his club from the FA over the removal of two draft rules at the previous meeting, the first which allowed for the running with the ball in hand and the second, obstructing such a run by hacking (kicking an opponent in the shins), tripping and holding. Other English rugby football clubs followed this lead and did not join the FA, or subsequently left the FA and instead in 1871 formed the Rugby Football Union. The eleven remaining clubs, under the charge of Ebenezer Cobb Morley, went on to ratify the original thirteen laws of the game.[14] These rules included handling of the ball by "marks" and the lack of a crossbar, rules which made it remarkably similar to Victorian rules football being developed at that time in Australia. The Sheffield FA played by its own rules until the 1870s with the FA absorbing some of its rules until there was little difference between the games.
The laws of the game are currently determined by the International Football Association Board (IFAB). The Board was formed in 1886[15] after a meeting in Manchester of The Football Association, the Scottish Football Association, the Football Association of Wales, and the Irish Football Association. The world's oldest football competition is the FA Cup, which was founded by C. W. Alcock and has been contested by English teams since 1872. The first official international football match took place in 1872 between Scotland and England in Glasgow, again at the instigation of C. W. Alcock. England is home to the world's first football league, which was founded in Birmingham in 1888 by Aston Villa director William McGregor.[16] The original format contained 12 clubs from the Midlands and the North of England. The Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), the international football body, was formed in Paris in 1904 and declared that they would adhere to Laws of the Game of the Football Association.[17] The growing popularity of the international game led to the admittance of FIFA representatives to the International Football Association Board in 1913. The board currently consists of four representatives from FIFA and one representative from each of the four British associations.
Today, football is played at a professional level all over the world. Millions of people regularly go to football stadiums to follow their favourite teams,[18] while billions more watch the game on television.[19] A very large number of people also play football at an amateur level. According to a survey conducted by FIFA published in 2001, over 240 million people from more than 200 countries regularly play football.[20] Its simple rules and minimal equipment requirements have no doubt aided its spread and growth in popularity.
In many parts of the world football evokes great passions and plays an important role in the life of individual fans, local communities, and even nations; it is therefore often claimed to be the most popular sport in the world. ESPN has spread the claim that the Côte d'Ivoire national football team helped secure a truce to the nation's civil war in 2005. By contrast, football is widely considered to be the final proximate cause in the Football War in June 1969 between El Salvador and Honduras.[21] The sport also exacerbated tensions at the beginning of the Yugoslav wars of the 1990s, when a match between Dinamo Zagreb and Red Star Belgrade devolved into rioting in March 1990.[22]
篮球的历史故事
The first rules, court, and game
In early December 1891, Dr. James Naismith,[2] a Canadian-born physical education professor and instructor at YMCA Training School[3] (today, Springfield College) in Springfield, Massachusetts, USA, sought a vigorous indoor game to keep his students occupied and at proper levels of fitness during the long New England winters. After rejecting other ideas as either too rough or poorly suited to walled-in gymnasiums, he wrote the basic rules and nailed a peach basket onto a 10-foot (3.05 m) elevated track. In contrast with modern basketball nets, this peach basket retained its bottom, and balls had to be retrieved manually after each "basket" or point scored; this proved inefficient, however, so a hole was drilled into the bottom of the basket, allowing the balls to be poked out with a long dowel each time. The peach baskets were used until 1906 when they were finally replaced by metal hoops with backboards. A further change was soon made, so the ball merely passed through, paving the way for the game we know today. A soccer ball was used to shoot goals. Whenever a person got the ball in the basket, his team would gain a point. Whichever team got the most points won the game.[4] The baskets were originally nailed to the mezzanine balcony of the playing court, but this proved impractical when spectators on the balcony began to interfere with shots. The backboard was introduced to prevent this interference; it had the additional effect of allowing rebound shots.[5] Naismith's handwritten diaries, discovered by his granddaughter in early 2006, indicate that he was nervous about the new game he had invented, which incorporated rules from a children's game called "Duck on a Rock", as many had failed before it. Naismith called the new game "Basket Ball".[6]
The first official game was played in the YMCA gymnasium on January 20, 1892 with nine players. The game ended at 1-0; the shot was made from 25 feet (7.6 m), on a court just half the size of a present-day Streetball or National Basketball Association (NBA) court. By 1897–1898 teams of five became standard.
Women's basketball
Women's basketball began in 1892 at Smith College when Senda Berenson, a physical education teacher, modified Naismith's rules for women. Shortly after she was hired at Smith, she went to Naismith to learn more about the game.[7] Fascinated by the new sport and the values it could teach, she organized the first women’s collegiate basketball game on March 21, 1893, when her Smith freshmen and sophomores played against one another.[8] Her rules were first published in 1899 and two years later Berenson became the editor of A.G. Spalding’s first Women's Basketball Guide[8], which further spread her version of basketball for women.

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英语，作为当今世界事实上的国际社交语言，它取得的成功是史无前例的。从使用它的人口来说，以英语为母语的人数仅次于汉语而居世界第二位，大约有四亿多人。然而以英语作为第二语言、或者在一定程度上使用英语的人数，要远比这多得多，可以说分布在世界的各个角落、各个民族，在这一点上汉语是望尘莫及的。它是怎样发展起来的？
英伦三岛的第一批印欧居民是塞尔特人。原先岛上可能还有更早的居民，但是人烟稀少，所...

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英语，作为当今世界事实上的国际社交语言，它取得的成功是史无前例的。从使用它的人口来说，以英语为母语的人数仅次于汉语而居世界第二位，大约有四亿多人。然而以英语作为第二语言、或者在一定程度上使用英语的人数，要远比这多得多，可以说分布在世界的各个角落、各个民族，在这一点上汉语是望尘莫及的。它是怎样发展起来的？
英伦三岛的第一批印欧居民是塞尔特人。原先岛上可能还有更早的居民，但是人烟稀少，所以没有留下多少遗迹。前文提到，塞尔特人是古印欧人的一支，大约在四千五百年前离开他们在东欧的故乡向西迁移，在公元前一千年时（相当于我国商朝末年、西周初年），他们成了德国南部、阿尔卑斯山北麓的一个强大民族。在公元前五百年左右（相当于我国春秋时期），他们开始向西迁移，后来到了英伦诸岛。这就是印欧人的第一次“入侵”。
印欧人的第二次入侵是在公元五世纪中叶，当时生活在现在的德国和丹麦交界处有两个部落，一个是石勒苏益格（Schleswig）的盎格鲁（Angles），另一个是霍尔施坦因（Holstein）的萨克森（Saxon）。石勒苏益格／霍尔施坦因现在是德国最北面的两个州，是第一次世界大战时德国从丹麦那里“取得”的。这两个部落从那里跨过北海，占据了英格兰，原来的塞尔特人很快地后退到威尔士、爱尔兰和苏格兰高地。English一词就出自Angles，原意为“角落”，意即他们来自欧洲大陆的一角。在古英语中Angle写作Engle，他们的语言叫做Englisc（在古英语中“sc”读如“sh”，如“sceap”——“sheep”）。顺便说一句，“塞尔特”（Celt）中的c可以读如s或k，所以也叫“凯尔特”，美国人中有许多来自苏格兰和爱尔兰，所谓的“美国腔”可能是凯尔特口音。波士顿不是有个著名的球队叫“凯尔特人队”嘛。
古英语一直发展到公元1066年法国的诺曼人入侵。在此以前，由于受北欧人和罗马人的影响，许多斯堪地那维亚词汇和拉丁词汇溶了进来。前者如egg，cake，skin，leg，window，husband，sky，fellow，skill，anger，flat，ugly，odd，get，give，take，raise，call，die，they，their，them；后者如street，kitchen，kettle，cup，cheese，wine。塞尔特语的遗迹大多留在地名中，如Thames，Kent，Dover。
诺曼人的入侵为英语带来了大量的法语词汇，这使得现代英语中存现大量的同义／近义词：shut／close，answer／reply，smell／odor，yearly／annual，ask／demand，room／chamber，wish／desire，might／power（英语词／法语词）。有一个有趣的现象是产肉的动物多是英语词，如ox，cow，calf，sheep，swine，deer，而它们的肉则是法语词，如beef，veal，mutton，pork，bacon，venison。大概持法语的多为贵族统治者，只注意他们餐桌上的肉，并不在意牲畜们叫什么。
另外在已有的英语／斯堪地那维亚语同义词基础上，如英语的wrath和斯堪地那维亚语的anger之外，法语又加了个ire。连我们汉语也贡献了几个词：kowtow（叩头），typhoon（台风），sampan（舢板），kaolin（高岭土），tea（闽方言），shanghai（不是地名：－））。
这些外来语使英语成为一个表达力丰富的语言。尽管溶入了如此众多的“外来语”，古英语仍然构成了它的核心——不到五千的古英语单词一直保持到了今天。在此期间英语逐渐向高层发展，1399年继承王位的亨利四世是第一个以英语为母语的英国国王。在十四世纪快要结束的时候，乔叟（Chaucer）完成了『坎特伯雷的传说』（Canterbury Tales），以伦敦方言为代表的现代英语终于开始出现：一个来自当年“角落”的语言。
[编辑本段]历史
早期日耳曼人西支部落（盎格鲁族、撒克逊族、朱特族和弗里西族）移民到英格兰，英语就是从他们的语言中变化继承下来。据《盎格鲁撒克逊编年史》记载，公元449年左右，不列颠群岛国王伏提庚（Vortigern）邀请“盎格鲁亲戚们”来帮助他对抗皮克特人，于是他赐予盎格鲁族东南部的领土作为回报。随后他又进一步寻求支援，撒克逊族、盎格鲁族与朱特族人便纷纷前来。《编年史》记载，最终这些“移民”建立了七个王国：诺森伯利亚、麦西亚、东盎格利亚、肯特、埃塞克斯、苏塞克斯、威塞克斯。
日尔曼人入侵后，统治了当地的凯尔特语民族，本地语言主要于苏格兰、威尔士、康瓦耳与爱尔兰岛存活了下来。这些入侵者的语言逐渐形成了“古英语”，与近代弗里西语极为相像。English（英格兰人、英语）、England（英格兰）和East Anglia（东盎格利亚）这三个词是分别从描绘盎格鲁族的词汇发展而来：Englisc、 Angelcynn、Englaland。
公元九世纪，斯堪的纳维亚人大规模侵入英国北部。九世纪末，入侵者几乎占领了整个英国的东半部。斯堪的纳维亚人说的是北日尔曼语。北日尔曼语和西日尔曼语的差别不是很悬殊。斯堪的纳维亚人入侵的结果使大量斯堪的纳维亚语（以古诺斯语 Old Norse 为代表）的词汇进入了古英语的词汇。古诺斯语和古英语有很多同义词汇，结果古诺斯语词在英语词汇里往往取古英语词而代之。
1066年诺曼征服后三百年内，英格兰的国王只讲法语。因此一大批法语词汇进入了古英语，古英语本身也失去了大部分曲折变化，形成中古英语。1500年左右的元音大推移将中古英语变形为近代英语。古英语最著名的文学作品是《贝奥武夫》，中古英语则是《坎特伯里故事集》。
近代英语在莎士比亚所处的时期开始繁荣，一些学者将之分为早期近代英语与后期近代英语，分界线为1800年左右。随着不列颠对全世界大部分地区的占领和殖民，当地语言也很大程度上影响了英语的发展。 篮球运动是在1891年，由美国马萨诸塞州斯普林菲尔德市基督教青年会训练学校体育教帅詹姆士·奈史密斯博士发明的。当时，在寒冷的冬季，缺乏室内进行体育活动的球类竞赛项目。奈史密斯从工人和儿童用球向“桃子筐”投准的游戏中得到启发，设计将两只桃篮分别钉在健身房内两端看台的栏杆上，桃篮口水平向上，距地面 10英尺，以足球为比赛工具向篮内投掷，入篮得1分，按得分多少决定胜负。因为这项游戏最初使用是桃篮和球，遂取名为篮球。1883年铁质球篮取代了桃篮并挂上了线网。1895年篮筐开始固定在4×6英尺的篮板上并逐渐深入场内，到1913年将篮网剪开，形成了近似现代的篮板和球篮。
最初的篮球比赛规则很简单，对于场地大小、参加人数多少、比赛时间长短均无统一规定。1892年奈史密斯制定了第一部13条的原始规则，目的是使篮球游戏在公平对等的条件下进行，同时不允许粗野动作的发生。1915年美国制定了全国统一的篮球竞赛规则，并翻译成多种文字，向全世界发行。1932年，刚诞生的国际篮联以美国大学使用的篮球规则为基础，制定了第一份世界统一的竞赛规则。随着篮球运动的发展，场地设备得到改进和完善，规则也不断地增删和变化，现行规则计有61条和57个手势图。
篮球运动诞生后，传播很快。1892年传入加拿大和墨西哥，1893年传入法国，1895年传入中国，1901年传入日本和波斯（今伊朗），1905年传入俄国。1904年美国青年会男子篮球队在第三届奥运会上进行了表演，此后，篮球运动逐步在全世界开展起来。1932年6月18日在瑞士日内瓦成立了国际业余篮球联合会（简称国际篮联）。1936年第十一届奥运会上，男子篮球被列为正式比赛项目。1950年和1953年分别举行了第一届世界男篮和女篮锦标赛。1948年起，在许多国家的少年儿童中开始出现小篮球活动，受到国际篮联的重视，于1968年成立了“国际小篮球委员会”。1976年第二十一届奥运会又增加了女子篮球比赛。
30年代以前的篮球运动处于传播和推广时期，技术和战术尚处于初级阶段。30年代以后，篮球运动登上了国际体育竞技舞台，世界性的比赛推动着篮球技术、战术的迅速发展，技术动作、战术组织和训练方法逐渐走上了合理化、系统化和理论化的道路。从1936年至1948年间，由于规则的不断修改，促进了篮球攻防战术的变化运用，提高了攻防的速度。进入50年代，世界各强队普遍重观和发展高度，成为这一时期的显著特点。在1952年第十五届奥运会篮球比赛中，出现了身高2m以上的高大队员。他们在高空争夺中占有明显的优势，掌握了比赛的主动权。但此时的高大队员灵活性差，技术单调，篮下死打硬攻，因而战术呆板，使比赛速度受到影响。针对上述情况，国际篮联对规则进行了修改，扩大限制区，增加了30s和干扰球规则。
60年代是高度、技术和速度同步发展时期，各国在重视发展高度的同时，加强了高大队员技术和灵活性的训练。有些强队，如巴西队，尽管身高相对矮些，但他们以短跑运动员的速度和娴熟的技术，充分发挥快速、灵活的特长，在1963年第四届世界男篮锦标赛上夺取冠军，震动了世界篮坛。60年代中期，美国迪安·史密斯提出攻守平衡的理论，使世界各国开始重视进攻和防守的均衡发展，特别是防守有了新的发展和突破。防守不再是消极的，在防守的选位上改变了过去“以人为主”、“以区域为主”的观念，而是“以球为主”，使防守具有集体性、积极性、攻击性和破坏性。
70年代是高度、技术、速度相结合、相统一并持续发展的阶段，世界强队的身高增长到惊人的程度。参加第八届世界男篮锦标赛的队员，身高2m以上的，多达48人。前苏联队平均身高2．O2m，前南斯拉夫队平均身高1．99m，美国队平均身高1．98m。这些高大队员既有高度，又有速度，能里能外，技术全面，充分体现了“大个队员小个化”的特点。70年代的篮球运动把高度、技术、速度、身体、意志、战术诸多因素融为一体，在比赛中展开高速度、高强度的全面对抗。快攻成为各队进攻中首先采用的锐利武器。高空优势体现在篮下的争夺，篮板球的争抢在篮圈水平面之上，投篮技术中出现了空中换手投篮，各种单、双手扣篮。高超的技巧表现在传球、运球动作熟练，运用自如。投篮命中率高达50％以上，比分迅速提高，和八届世界男篮锦标赛全部59场比赛中，有30场一个队得分超过100分。
80年代篮球运动是在高水平上的全面对抗，女子向男子化方向发展。其表现为高度与速度齐备，进攻、防守、篮板球三者并重，身体、智力、斗志和技术结合统一，技术全面而有特长突出的明星队员在队内发挥举足轻重的作用。
5篮球运动是在1891年，由美国马萨诸塞州斯普林菲尔德市基督教青年会训练学校体育教帅詹姆士·奈史密斯博士发明的。当时，在寒冷的冬季，缺乏室内进行体育活动的球类竞赛项目。奈史密斯从工人和儿童用球向“桃子筐”投准的游戏中得到启发，设计将两只桃篮分别钉在健身房内两端看台的栏杆上，桃篮口水平向上，距地面 10英尺，以足球为比赛工具向篮内投掷，入篮得1分，按得分多少决定胜负。因为这项游戏最初使用是桃篮和球，遂取名为篮球。1883年铁质球篮取代了桃篮并挂上了线网。1895年篮筐开始固定在4×6英尺的篮板上并逐渐深入场内，到1913年将篮网剪开，形成了近似现代的篮板和球篮。
最初的篮球比赛规则很简单，对于场地大小、参加人数多少、比赛时间长短均无统一规定。1892年奈史密斯制定了第一部13条的原始规则，目的是使篮球游戏在公平对等的条件下进行，同时不允许粗野动作的发生。1915年美国制定了全国统一的篮球竞赛规则，并翻译成多种文字，向全世界发行。1932年，刚诞生的国际篮联以美国大学使用的篮球规则为基础，制定了第一份世界统一的竞赛规则。随着篮球运动的发展，场地设备得到改进和完善，规则也不断地增删和变化，现行规则计有61条和57个手势图。
篮球运动诞生后，传播很快。1892年传入加拿大和墨西哥，1893年传入法国，1895年传入中国，1901年传入日本和波斯（今伊朗），1905年传入俄国。1904年美国青年会男子篮球队在第三届奥运会上进行了表演，此后，篮球运动逐步在全世界开展起来。1932年6月18日在瑞士日内瓦成立了国际业余篮球联合会（简称国际篮联）。1936年第十一届奥运会上，男子篮球被列为正式比赛项目。1950年和1953年分别举行了第一届世界男篮和女篮锦标赛。1948年起，在许多国家的少年儿童中开始出现小篮球活动，受到国际篮联的重视，于1968年成立了“国际小篮球委员会”。1976年第二十一届奥运会又增加了女子篮球比赛。
30年代以前的篮球运动处于传播和推广时期，技术和战术尚处于初级阶段。30年代以后，篮球运动登上了国际体育竞技舞台，世界性的比赛推动着篮球技术、战术的迅速发展，技术动作、战术组织和训练方法逐渐走上了合理化、系统化和理论化的道路。从1936年至1948年间，由于规则的不断修改，促进了篮球攻防战术的变化运用，提高了攻防的速度。进入50年代，世界各强队普遍重观和发展高度，成为这一时期的显著特点。在1952年第十五届奥运会篮球比赛中，出现了身高2m以上的高大队员。他们在高空争夺中占有明显的优势，掌握了比赛的主动权。但此时的高大队员灵活性差，技术单调，篮下死打硬攻，因而战术呆板，使比赛速度受到影响。针对上述情况，国际篮联对规则进行了修改，扩大限制区，增加了30s和干扰球规则。
60年代是高度、技术和速度同步发展时期，各国在重视发展高度的同时，加强了高大队员技术和灵活性的训练。有些强队，如巴西队，尽管身高相对矮些，但他们以短跑运动员的速度和娴熟的技术，充分发挥快速、灵活的特长，在1963年第四届世界男篮锦标赛上夺取冠军，震动了世界篮坛。60年代中期，美国迪安·史密斯提出攻守平衡的理论，使世界各国开始重视进攻和防守的均衡发展，特别是防守有了新的发展和突破。防守不再是消极的，在防守的选位上改变了过去“以人为主”、“以区域为主”的观念，而是“以球为主”，使防守具有集体性、积极性、攻击性和破坏性。
70年代是高度、技术、速度相结合、相统一并持续发展的阶段，世界强队的身高增长到惊人的程度。参加第八届世界男篮锦标赛的队员，身高2m以上的，多达48人。前苏联队平均身高2．O2m，前南斯拉夫队平均身高1．99m，美国队平均身高1．98m。这些高大队员既有高度，又有速度，能里能外，技术全面，充分体现了“大个队员小个化”的特点。70年代的篮球运动把高度、技术、速度、身体、意志、战术诸多因素融为一体，在比赛中展开高速度、高强度的全面对抗。快攻成为各队进攻中首先采用的锐利武器。高空优势体现在篮下的争夺，篮板球的争抢在篮圈水平面之上，投篮技术中出现了空中换手投篮，各种单、双手扣篮。高超的技巧表现在传球、运球动作熟练，运用自如。投篮命中率高达50％以上，比分迅速提高，和八届世界男篮锦标赛全部59场比赛中，有30场一个队得分超过100分。
80年代篮球运动是在高水平上的全面对抗，女子向男子化方向发展。其表现为高度与速度齐备，进攻、防守、篮板球三者并重，身体、智力、斗志和技术结合统一，技术全面而有特长突出的明星队员在队内发挥举足轻重的作用。
The Origins Of Basketball
Do you know the origin of basketball?
The origins of the game of basketball can be traced back to a gentleman by the name of Dr. James Naismith. In 1861, Naismith was born in Almonte, Ontario, Canada. During his early school days, Naismith would play a game called duck on a rock whereby the child would endeavor to knock the duck off the top of the rock with a toss of another rock.
Later on, Naismith would go on to McGill University in Montreal and would later become McGill University's Athletic Director. He would subsequently move on to YMCA Training School in Springfield, Massachusetts and in 1891, the game of basketball began.
Given the cold Massachusetts winters, Naismith needed to find a recreational activity that could be played indoors and he preferred a sport that would develop skill and one that was not exclusively relying on strength. The first game was played with two peach baskets for goals and a soccer ball.
Further to his credit, Naismith became a medical doctor specializing in sports physiology and a Presbyterian minister. Naismith was able to see his beloved sport of basketball, gain acceptance in numerous countries through the YMCA since 1893. As well, the sport of basketball was brought forth at the Berlin Olympics in 1936. As we speak, the game of basketball has become a very popular professional sport.
football
Documented evidence of an activity resembling football can be found in the Chinese military manual Zhan Guo Ce compiled between the 3rd century and 1st century BC. It describes a practice known as cuju (蹴鞠, literally "kick ball"), which originally involved kicking a leather ball through a small hole in a piece of silk cloth which was fixed on bamboo canes and hung about 9 m above ground. During the Han Dynasty (206 BC–220 AD), c